694 research outputs found
Entropic stochastic resonance: the constructive role of the unevenness
We demonstrate the existence of stochastic resonance (SR) in confined systems
arising from entropy variations associated to the presence of irregular
boundaries. When the motion of a Brownian particle is constrained to a region
with uneven boundaries, the presence of a periodic input may give rise to a
peak in the spectral amplification factor and therefore to the appearance of
the SR phenomenon. We have proved that the amplification factor depends on the
shape of the region through which the particle moves and that by adjusting its
characteristic geometric parameters one may optimize the response of the
system. The situation in which the appearance of such entropic stochastic
resonance (ESR) occurs is common for small-scale systems in which confinement
and noise play an prominent role. The novel mechanism found could thus
constitute an important tool for the characterization of these systems and can
put to use for controlling their basic properties.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure
Biased diffusion in confined media: Test of the Fick-Jacobs approximation and validity criteria
We study biased, diffusive transport of Brownian particles through narrow,
spatially periodic structures in which the motion is constrained in lateral
directions. The problem is analyzed under the perspective of the Fick-Jacobs
equation which accounts for the effect of the lateral confinement by
introducing an entropic barrier in a one dimensional diffusion. The validity of
this approximation, being based on the assumption of an instantaneous
equilibration of the particle distribution in the cross-section of the
structure, is analyzed by comparing the different time scales that characterize
the problem. A validity criterion is established in terms of the shape of the
structure and of the applied force. It is analytically corroborated and
verified by numerical simulations that the critical value of the force up to
which this description holds true scales as the square of the periodicity of
the structure. The criterion can be visualized by means of a diagram
representing the regions where the Fick-Jacobs description becomes inaccurate
in terms of the scaled force versus the periodicity of the structure.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figure
Double Entropic Stochastic Resonance
We demonstrate the appearance of a purely entropic stochastic resonance (ESR)
occurring in a geometrically confined system, where the irregular boundaries
cause entropic barriers. The interplay between a periodic input signal, a
constant bias and intrinsic thermal noise leads to a resonant ESR-phenomenon in
which feeble signals become amplified. This new phenomenon is characterized by
the presence of two peaks in the spectral amplification at corresponding
optimal values of the noise strength. The main peak is associated with the
manifest stochastic resonance synchronization mechanism involving the
inter-well noise-activated dynamics while a second peak relates to a regime of
optimal sensitivity for intra-well dynamics. The nature of ESR, occurring when
the origin of the barrier is entropic rather than energetic, offers new
perspectives for novel investigations and potential applications. ESR by itself
presents yet another case where one constructively can harvest noise in driven
nonequilibrium systems.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures ; Europhys. Lett., in press (2009
Entropic Stochastic Resonance
We present a novel scheme for the appearance of Stochastic Resonance when the
dynamics of a Brownian particle takes place in a confined medium. The presence
of uneven boundaries, giving rise to an entropic contribution to the potential,
may upon application of a periodic driving force result in an increase of the
spectral amplification at an optimum value of the ambient noise level. This
Entropic Stochastic Resonance (ESR), characteristic of small-scale systems, may
constitute a useful mechanism for the manipulation and control of
single-molecules and nano-devices.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Steroid diversification by multicomponent reactions
Reports on structural diversification of steroids by means of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have significantly increased over the last decade. This review covers the most relevant strategies dealing with the use of steroidal substrates in MCRs, including the synthesis of steroidal heterocycles and macrocycles as well as the conjugation of steroids to amino acids, peptides and carbohydrates. We demonstrate that steroids are available with almost all types of MCR reactive functionalities, e.g., carbonyl, carboxylic acid, alkyne, amine, isocyanide, boronic acid, etc., and that steroids are suitable starting materials for relevant MCRs such as those based on imine and isocyanide. The focus is mainly posed on proving the amenability of MCRs for the diversityoriented derivatization of naturally occurring steroids and the construction of complex steroid-based platforms for drug discovery, chemical biology and supramolecular chemistry applications.Fil: Reguera, Leslie. Universidad de La Habana; CubaFil: Attorresi, Cecilia Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientÃficas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos FÃsicos en QuÃmica Orgánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos FÃsicos en QuÃmica Orgánica; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de QuÃmica Orgánica; ArgentinaFil: Ramirez, Javier Alberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de QuÃmica Orgánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientÃficas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos FÃsicos en QuÃmica Orgánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos FÃsicos en QuÃmica Orgánica; ArgentinaFil: Rivera, Daniel G.. Universidad de La Habana; Cub
Unifying thermodynamic and kinetic descriptions of single-molecule processes: RNA unfolding under tension
We use mesoscopic non-equilibrium thermodynamics theory to describe RNA
unfolding under tension. The theory introduces reaction coordinates,
characterizing a continuum of states for each bond in the molecule. The
unfolding considered is so slow that one can assume local equilibrium in the
space of the reaction coordinates. In the quasi-stationary limit of high
sequential barriers, our theory yields the master equation of a recently
proposed sequential-step model. Non-linear switching kinetics is found between
open and closed states. Our theory unifies the thermodynamic and kinetic
descriptions and offers a systematic procedure to characterize the dynamics of
the unfolding processComment: 13 pages, 3 figure
Unraveling the "Pressure-Effect" in Nucleation
The influence of the pressure of a chemically inert carrier-gas on the
nucleation rate is one of the biggest puzzles in the research of gas-liquid
nucleation. Different experiments can show a positive effect, a negative
effect, or no effect at all. The same experiment may show both trends for the
same substance depending on temperature, or for different substances at the
same temperature. We show how this ambiguous effect naturally arises from the
competition of two contributions: nonisothermal effects and pressure-volume
work. Our model clarifies seemingly contradictory experimental results and
quantifies the variation of the nucleation ability of a substance in the
presence of an ambient gas. Our findings are corroborated by results from
molecular dynamics simulation and might have important implications since
nucleation in experiments, technical applications, and nature practically
always occurs in the presence of an ambient gas.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. v2: All citations now appear correctly. v3:
Updated one point in Fig.
Crypsis Decreases with Elevation in a Lizard
Predation usually selects for visual crypsis, the colour matching between an animal and
its background. Geographic co-variation between animal and background colourations is well
known, but how crypsis varies along elevational gradients remains unknown. We predict that dorsal
colouration in the lizard Psammodromus algirus should covary with the colour of bare soil—where this
lizard is mainly found—along a 2200 m elevational gradient in Sierra Nevada (SE Spain). Moreover,
we predict that crypsis should decrease with elevation for two reasons: (1) Predation pressure typically
decreases with elevation, and (2) at high elevation, dorsal colouration is under conflicting selection
for both crypsis and thermoregulation. By means of standardised photographies of the substratum
and colourimetric measurements of lizard dorsal skin, we tested the colour matching between lizard
dorsum and background. We found that, along the gradient, lizard dorsal colouration covaried
with the colouration of bare soil, but not with other background elements where the lizard is rarely
detected. Moreover, supporting our prediction, the degree of crypsis against bare soil decreased with
elevation. Hence, our findings suggest local adaptation for crypsis in this lizard along an elevational
gradient, but this local adaptation would be hindered at high elevations.This study has been economically supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (project
CGL2009-13185)
Communication: Tolman length and rigidity constants of water and their role in nucleation
A proper understanding of nucleation is crucial in several natural and industrial processes. However, accurate quantitative predictions of this phenomenon have not been possible. The most popular tool for calculating nucleation rates, classical nucleation theory (CNT), deviates by orders of magnitude from experiments for most substances. We investigate whether part of this discrepancy can be accounted for by the curvature-dependence of the surface tension. To that end, we evaluate the eading order corrections for water, the Tolman length and the rigidity constants, using square gradient theory coupled with the accurate cubic plus association equation of state. The Helfrich expansion is then used to incorporate them into the CNT-framework. For water condensation, the modified framework successfully corrects the erroneous temperature dependence of the nucleation rates given by the classical theory and reproduces experimental nucleation rates
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